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Gout

What Is Gout?

Gout is a painful condition that occurs when the bodily waste product uric acid is deposited as needle-like crystals in the joints and/or soft tissues. In the joints, these uric acid crystals cause inflammatory arthritis, which in turn leads to intermittent swelling, redness, heat, pain, and stiffness in the joints.

In many people, gout initially affects the joints of the big toe (a condition called podagra). But many other joints and areas around the joints can be affected in addition to or instead of the big toe. These include the insteps, ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows. Chalky deposits of uric acid, also known as tophi, can appear as lumps under the skin that surrounds the joints and covers the rim of the ear. Uric acid crystals can also collect in the kidneys and cause kidney stones.
What Is Uric Acid?

Uric acid is a substance that results from the breakdown of purines. A normal part of all human tissue, purines are found in many foods. Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and passed through the kidneys into the urine, where it is eliminated. If there is an increase in the production of uric acid or if the kidneys do not eliminate enough uric acid from the body, levels of it build up in the blood (a condition called hyperuricemia). Hyperuricemia also may result when a person eats too many high-purine foods, such as liver, dried beans and peas, anchovies, and gravies. Hyperuricemia is not a disease, and by itself it is not dangerous. However, if excess uric acid crystals form as a result of hyperuricemia, gout can develop. The crystals form and accumulate in the joint, causing inflammation.
Signs and Symptoms of Gout


The usual signs and symptoms of gout include:
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) hyperuricemia
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) presence of uric acid crystals in joint fluid
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) more than one attack of acute arthritis
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) arthritis that develops in a day, producing a swollen, red, and warm joint
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) attack of arthritis in only one joint, often the toe, ankle, or knee

The pain associated with gout is often sudden and intense. Joints tend to swell, and can be warm to the touch. The skin around the joint may also take on a deep red or purple hue. People who have had gout for extended periods of time may develop nodules beneath the skin near joints; these are accumulations of uric acid crystals. Attacks can recur in the same joint over weeks, months or years, and repeated bouts of gout can damage the joint. Kidney damage can also occur.
What Causes Gout?

A number of risk factors are associated with hyperuricemia and gout. They include:
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Genetics.
Twenty percent of people with gout have a family history of the disease.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Gender and age.
It is more common in men than in women and more common in adults than in children.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Weight.
Being overweight increases the risk of developing hyperuricemia and gout because there is more tissue available for turnover or breakdown, which leads to excess uric acid production.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Alcohol consumption.
Drinking too much alcohol can lead to hyperuricemia, because alcohol interferes with the removal of uric acid from the body.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Diet.
Eating too many foods that are rich in purines can cause or aggravate gout in some people.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Lead exposure.
In some cases, exposure to lead in the environment can cause gout.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Other health and medical problems.
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Renal insufficiency, or the inability of the kidneys to eliminate waste products, is a common cause of gout in older people.
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) High blood pressure
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Conditions that cause an excessively rapid turnover of cells, such as psoriasis, hemolytic anemia, or some cancers
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome or Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, two rare conditions in which the enzyme that helps control uric acid levels either is not present or is found in insufficient quantities.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Medications.
A number of medications may put people at risk for developing hyperuricemia and gout. They include:
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Diuretics, such as furosemide (Lasix*), hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, Hydro-chlor), and metolazone (Diulo, Zaroxolyn), which are taken to eliminate excess fluid from the body in conditions like hypertension, edema, and heart disease, and which decrease the amount of uric acid passed in the urine
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Salicylate-containing drugs, such as aspirin
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Niacin, a vitamin also known as nicotinic acid
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral), a medication that suppresses the body’s immune system (the system that protects the body from infection and disease). This medication is used in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases, and to prevent the body’s rejection of transplanted organs.
ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Levodopa (Larodopa), a medicine used to support communication along nerve pathways in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
What Are the Stages of Gout?

Literally translated, arthritis means joint inflammation. It refers to more than 100 different diseases that affect the joints. Gout accounts for approximately 5 percent of all cases of arthritis. The disease can progress through four stages:

   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Asymptomatic (without symptoms) hyperuricemia
In this stage, a person has elevated levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia), but no other symptoms. Treatment is usually not required.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Acute gout, or acute gouty arthritis
In this stage, hyperuricemia has caused the deposit of uric acid crystals in joint spaces. This leads to a sudden onset of intense pain and swelling in the joints, which also may be warm and very tender. An acute attack commonly occurs at night and can be triggered by stressful events, alcohol or drugs, or the presence of another illness. Attacks usually subside within 3 to 10 days, even without treatment, and the next attack may not occur for months or even years. Over time, however, attacks can last longer and occur more frequently.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Interval or intercritical gout
This is the period between acute attacks. In this stage, a person does not have any symptoms.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Chronic tophaceous gout
This is the most disabling stage of gout. It usually develops over a long period, such as 10 years. In this stage, the disease may have caused permanent damage to the affected joints and sometimes to the kidneys. With proper treatment, most people with gout do not progress to this advanced stage.
Who Is Likely to Develop Gout?

Gout occurs in 8.4 of every 1,000 people. It is rare in children and young adults. Men, particularly those between the ages of 40 and 50, are more likely to develop gout than women, who rarely develop the disorder before menopause. People who have had an organ transplant are more susceptible to gout.
How Is Gout Diagnosed?

Gout may be difficult for doctors to diagnose because the symptoms can be vague, and gout often mimics other conditions. Although most people with gout have hyperuricemia at some time during the course of their disease, it may not be present during an acute attack. In addition, having hyperuricemia alone does not mean that a person will get gout. In fact, most people with hyperuricemia do not develop the disease.

To confirm a diagnosis of gout, a doctor may insert a needle into an inflamed joint and draw a sample of synovial fluid, the substance that lubricates a joint. The joint fluid is placed on a slide and examined under a microscope for uric acid crystals. Their absence, however, does not completely rule out the diagnosis.

The doctor also may find it helpful to look for uric acid crystals around joints to diagnose gout. Gout attacks may mimic joint infections, and a doctor who suspects a joint infection (rather than gout) may also culture the joint fluid to see whether bacteria are present.
How Is Gout Treated?

With proper treatment, most people who have gout are able to control their symptoms and live productive lives. Gout can be treated with one or a combination of therapies. The goals of treatment are to ease the pain associated with acute attacks, to prevent future attacks, and to avoid the formation of tophi and kidney stones. Successful treatment can reduce discomfort caused by the symptoms of gout, as well as long-term damage to the affected joints. Treatment will help to prevent disability due to gout.

The most common treatments for an acute attack of gout are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) taken orally (by mouth), or corticosteroids, which are taken orally or injected into the affected joint. NSAIDs reduce the inflammation caused by deposits of uric acid crystals, but have no effect on the amount of uric acid in the body. The NSAIDs most commonly prescribed for gout are indomethacin (Indocin) and naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn), which are taken orally every day. Corticosteroids are strong anti-inflammatory hormones. The most commonly prescribed corticosteroid is prednisone. Patients often begin to improve within a few hours of treatment with a corticosteroid, and the attack usually goes away completely within a week or so.

When NSAIDs or corticosteroids do not control symptoms, the doctor may consider using colchicine. This drug is most effective when taken within the first 12 hours of an acute attack. Doctors may ask patients to take oral colchicine as often as every hour until joint symptoms begin to improve or side effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, or diarrhea make it uncomfortable to continue the drug.

For some patients, the doctor may prescribe either NSAIDs or oral colchicine in small daily doses to prevent future attacks. The doctor also may consider prescribing medicine such as allopurinol (Zyloprim) or probenecid (Benemid) to treat hyperuricemia and reduce the frequency of sudden attacks and the development of tophi.

People who have other medical problems, such as high blood pressure or high blood triglycerides (fats), may find that the drugs they take for those conditions can also be useful for gout. Both losartan (Cozaar), a blood pressure medication, and fenofibrate (Tricor), a triglyceride-lowering drug, also help reduce blood levels of uric acid. The doctor may also recommend losing weight, for those who are overweight; limiting alcohol consumption; and avoiding or limiting high-purine foods, which can increase uric acid levels.
What Can People With Gout Do to Stay Healthy?

Fortunately, gout can be controlled. People with gout can decrease the severity of attacks and reduce their risk of future attacks by taking their medications as prescribed. Acute gout is best controlled if medications are taken at the first sign of pain or inflammation.

Like so many diseases, gout is likely an artifact of inflammation and habits of lifestyle, which means following an anti-inflammatory diet and making changes in lifestyle should be the first line of defense. Other steps you can take to stay healthy and minimize gout’s effect on your life include the followings:

   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Avoid foods that are high in purines. Avoid meats that are particularly rich sources of uric acid such as organ meats, sardines and anchovies. Physicians used to advise cutting back on purine-rich plant foods such as lentils, peas, beans, mushrooms, cauliflower and spinach.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Eliminate coffee and all other caffeine sources from the diet.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Minimize alcohol consumption. Alcohol promotes dehydration and irritates the urinary tract. Alcohol can raise the levels of uric acid in your blood.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Drink the full complement of eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily to flush uric acid from the system and prevent urate crystal deposition.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy body weight. Lose weight if you are overweight, but avoid low-carbohydrate diets that are designed for quick weight loss. When carbohydrate intake is insufficient, your body can’t completely burn its own fat. As a consequence, substances called ketones form and are released into the bloodstream, resulting in a condition called ketosis. After a short time, ketosis can increase the level of uric acid in your blood.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Eat tart cherries in all forms - fresh, or as cherry juice, or in the form of tart cherry extract. Laboratory findings at Michigan State University suggest that ingesting the equivalent of 20 tart cherries inhibits enzymes called cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, which are the targets of anti-inflammatory drugs.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Take bromelain, a compound of digestive enzymes and other compounds extracted from pineapple stems.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Tell your doctor about all the medicines and vitamins you take. He or she can tell you if any of them increase your risk of hyperuricemia.
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) Plan followup visits with your doctor to evaluate your progress.
High-Purine Foods

Foods that are high in purine include:

   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) anchovies
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) asparagus
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) beef kidneys
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) brains
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) dried beans and peas
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) game meats
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) gravy
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) herring
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) liver
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) mackerel
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) mushrooms
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) sardines
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) scallops
   ball1.gif (1653 bytes) sweetbreads
Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
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