Note: Names are given in pinyin transliteration (which was officially adopted by the People's Republic on 1 Jan 1979, but not by Taiwan), except for Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, who are best known under those versions. Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao)roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (e.g., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (e.g., Qing Dezong)

Qing Dynasty

15 May 1636 Great Qing Empire Inaugurated 


Emperors:
07 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Xuanye (b. 1654 - d. 1722)
                          miaohao: Shengzu /shi: Ren huangdi nianhao 
18 Feb 1662 - 04 Feb 1723 Kangxi
10 Jul 1706 -        1707 Wei Zhiye (in rebellion) nianhao 
10 Jul 1706 -        1707 Wenxing
       1707 -        1708 Zhu Cihuan (styled Ding wang, 
                          heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm, in rebellion)
26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721 Zhu Yigui (in rebellion, 
                          rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao 
26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721 Yonghe
27 Dec 1722 - 08 Oct 1735 Yinzhen (b. 1678 - d. 1735) miaohao:
                          Shizong / shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 
05 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746 Yongzheng
18 Oct 1735 - 09 Feb 1796 Hongli (b. 1711 - d. 1799) miaohao:
                          Gaozong / shi: Chun huangdi nianhao 
12 Feb 1736 - 08 Feb 1796 Qianlong
   Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788 Lin Shuangwen (in rebellion, rules almost 
                          exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao 
   Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788 Shuntian
09 Feb 1796 - 02 Sep 1820 Yongyan  (b. 1760 - d. 1820) miaohao:
                          Renzong / shi: Rui huangdi nianhao 
09 Feb 1796 - 02 Feb 1821 Jiaqing
   Mar 1797 -        1797 Li Shu (in rebellion) nianhao 
   Mar 1797 -        1797 Daqing
03 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Minning  (b. 1782 - d. 1850) miaohao:
                          Xuanzong / shi: Cheng huangdi nianhao 
03 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851 Daoguang
09 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yizhu  (b. 1831 - d. 1861) miaohao:
                          Wenzong / shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 
01 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862 Xianfeng
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun (b. 1856 - d. 1875)
                          miaohao: Muzong / shi: Yi huangdi nianhao 
30 Jan 1862 - 05 Feb 1875 Tongzhi
25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian  (b. 1872 - d. 1908)
                          miaohao: Dezong / shi: Jing huangdi nianhao 
06 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909 Guangxu
25 Feb 1875 - 04 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Cixi (f) (b. 1835 - d. 1908) (regent)
02 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912     Puyi   (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1967)  nianhao
22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Xuantong
02 Dec 1908 - 06 Dec 1911 Zaifeng (regent)  (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
06 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Dowager Longyu (f) (b. 1868 - d. 1913)
                          (Holder of the Imperial Seal)
01 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917      Puyi  (2nd time)  (s.a.)


Premiers
08 May 1911 - 01 Nov 1911  Prince Yiguang  (b. 1839 - d. 1917)
02 Nov 1911 - 00 Mar 1912  Yuan Shikai  (b. 1859 - d. 1916)

Taiping
11 Jan 1851   Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace) inaugurated
25 Oct 1864   Extinguished by Qing Empire
Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 01 Jun 1864  Hong Xiuquan   (b. 1813 - d. 1864)
01 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864  Hong Tianguifu (b. 1849 - d. 1864)

Shengping 
09 Oct 1854  Shengping Tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace)  inaugurated
24 Jul 1858  Extinguished by Qing Empire


Heavenly Kings 
09 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858  Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855) + Zhu Hongying

Cheng
27 Sep 1855   Great Cheng Realm inaugurated
21 Aug 1861   Extinguished by Qing Empire


Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861  Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang) + Li Wenmao (to 1858)

Kashghar
       1694 -        1720  Occupied by Dörben Oyirad
   Jul 1759 -    May 1826  Occupied by Qing Empire
       1864                Detached from the Qing Empire
       1870                Polity renamed Jiti Shahar
28 Dec 1877                Reincorporated into Qing Empire


Khans (from 6 Dec 1873, Amir Khans)


Aqtalik Dynasty

       1720 -        1754  Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time)
       1754 -        1757  Yusuf ibn Daniyal
       1757                Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf
       1757 -    Jul 1759  Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad
       1864 -    Feb 1865  Qutlugh Beg
   Feb 1865 -        1866  Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (1st time)
       1866                Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan
       1866 -        1867  Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (2nd time)


Ya`qub Dynasty

       1867 - 29 May 1877  Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir 
                           Muhammad Mirza (b. c.1820 - d. 1877)
29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877  Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg

Pingnan Guo
       1856 - 26 Dec 1872  Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") 
is a major Islamic rebellious polity in Yunnan Province

Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin(Leader of the Community of Muslims)
(usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan)
        1856 - 26 Dec 1872  Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman (b. ... - d. 1873)

01 Jan 1912  Republic of China proclaimed
22 Dec 1915  Empire of China
22 Mar 1916  Republic of China

Note:
The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November.

Military Governors
Hubei
11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Li Yuanhong  (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
Hunan
23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911  Jiao Dafeng  
   Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911   Tan Yankai  (b. 1879 - d. 1930)
Shaanxi
23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Zhang Fenghui
Jiangxi
24 Oct 1911 - 02 Nov 1911  Ma Yubao
02 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911  Wu Jiezhang
12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Peng Chengwan
Shanxi
29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yan Xishan   (b. 1883 - d. 1960)
Yunnan
30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cai E        (b. 1882 - d. 1916)
Shanghai 
(actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China)
04 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Chen Qimei   (b. 1878 - d. 1916)
Zhejiang
04 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tang Shouqian
Guizhou
05 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yang Jincheng
Jiangsu
05 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cheng Dequan (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
Anhui
08 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911  Zhu Jiabao   (b. 18... - d. 1923)
28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Yuyun
Guangxi
09 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Shen Bingkun
Fujian
09 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Daoren
Guangdong
09 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Hu Hanmin    (b. 1879 - d. 1936)
Shandong
13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Baoqi    (b. 1867 - d. 1931)
Sichuan
22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911  Zhang Peijue
27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Pu Dianjun
Military Governor
(Central Military Government of the Republic of China)
30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911  Li Yuanhong  (s.a.)
Presidents
01 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912  Sun Yat-sen  (provisional) (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915  Yuan Shikai (provisional to 10 Oct 1913) (1st time) (s.a.)
                           
Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai (s.a.) nianhao 
01 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hongxian

Note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and there are questions about its actual significance.

Presidents
22 Mar 1916 -  6 Jun 1916 Yuan Shikai (2nd time) (s.a.)
07 Jun 1916 - 01 Jul 1917  Li Yuanhong (1st time) (s.a.)
01 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Brief restoration of Great Qing Empire (see above)                          
12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917  Li Yuanhong (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918  Feng Guozhang (b. 1859 - d. 1919)
10 Oct 1918 - 02 Jun 1922  Xu Shichang (b. 1855 - d. 1939)
02 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Zhou Ziqi (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 1923)
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923  Li Yuanhong (3rd time)(s.a.)
13 Jun 1923 - 09 Sep 1923  Zhang Shaozeng (acting)(b. 1870 - d. 19...)
09 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923  Gao Lingwei (acting) (b. 1896 - d. bf.1953)
10 Oct 1923 - 02 Nov 1924  Cao Kun  (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
02 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1936)
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926  Duan Qirui (b. 1865 - d. 1936)(provisional chief executive)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Weide (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 19...)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1950)
22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Du Xigui (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 19...)
01 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Gu Weijun (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1985)
18 Jun 1927 -  2 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
(Generalissimo of the Military Government of China)
Premiers
13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912  Tang Shaoyi (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912  Lu Zhengxiang  (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
25 Sep 1912 - 01 May 1913  Zhao Bingjun
01 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913  Duan Qirui (acting) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914  Xiong Xiling (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
12 Feb 1914 - 01 May 1914  Sun Baoqi (acting) (s.a.)
Secretaries of State
01 May 1914 -    Dec 1915  Xu Shichang (1st time)  (s.a.)
   Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916  Lu Zhengxiang (acting)  (s.a.)
22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916  Xu Shichang (2nd time)  (s.a.)
23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916  Duan Qirui              (s.a.)
Premiers
29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917  Duan Qirui (1st time) (s.a.)
23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917  Wu Tingfang (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
28 May 1917 - 02 Jun 1917  Li Jingxi (1st time)
02 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917  Xu Shichang (s.a.)
12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917  Jiang Zhaozong (acting)(b. 1863 - d. 19...)
24 Jun 1917 - 01 Jul 1917  Li Jingxi (2nd time)
14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917  Duan Qirui (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918  Weng Shizhen (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1930)
23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918  Duan Qirui (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919  Qian Nengxun  (b. 1870 - d. 19...)
13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919  Gong Xinzhan (acting)
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920  Jin Yunpeng(1st time)(b. 1877 - d. 1925)(acting to 5 Nov 1919)
14 May 1920 - 09 Aug 1920  Sa Zhenbing (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1952)
09 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921  Jin Yunpeng (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 Yan Huiqing (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922  Liang Shiyi (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
25 Jan 1922 - 08 Apr 1922 Yan Huiqing  (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
08 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Zhou Ziqi (acting) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1922 - 05 Aug 1922  Yan Huiqing (3rd time) (s.a.)
05 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922  Wang Chonghui (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1958)
29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922  Wang Daxie (b. 1860? - d. 19...)
11 Dec 1922 - 04 Jan 1923  Wang Zhengting (b. 1882 - d. 1961)
04 Jan 1923 - 09 Sep 1923  Zhang Shaozeng (s.a.)
09 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924  Gao Lingwei (acting) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924  Sun Baoqi (s.a.)
14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924 Yan Huiqing (4th time)(s.a.)
02 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting) (s.a.)
26 Dec 1925 - 04 Mar 1926  Xu Shiying  (b. 1873 - d. 1964)
04 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926  Jia Deyao
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Weide (acting) (s.a.)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Jun 1926 - 01 Oct 1926  Du Xigui (acting) (s.a.)
01 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Gu Weijun (acting) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1927 - 02 Jun 1928  Pan Fu (b. 1871 - d. 19...)

"Independent" military governments in 1913

Military governors
Jiangsu
15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913  Cheng Dequan
Anhui
17 Jul 1913 - 07 Aug 1913  Bo Wenwei (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
Guangdong
18 Jul 1913 - 03 Aug 1913  Chen Jiongming  (b. 1878 - d. 1933)
Hunan
25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913  Tan Yankai (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1916

Military governors
Yunnan
01 Jan 1916 -  08 May 1916  Tang Jiyao  (b. 1881 - d. 1927)Guizhou
27 Jan 1916 -  08 May 1916  Liu Xianshi Guangxi
15 Mar 1916 -  08 May 1916  Lu Rongting  (b. 1856 - d. 1927)Guangdong
06 Apr 1916 -  08 May 1916  Long Jiguang  (b. 1860 - d. 1921)Zhejiang
12 Apr 1916 -  08 May 1916  Lu Gongwang

These came together under an umbrella government:
Chairman of the Military Affairs Council 
08 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916  Tang Jiyao (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1917

Military Governors
Anhui
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Ni Sichong
Shaanxi
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Chen Shufan
Fengtian
   May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Zuolin (s.a.)
Shandong
   May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Zhang Huaizhi (b. 1860 - d. 19...)
Fujian
   May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Li Houji
Henan
   May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Zhao Ti (b. 1871 - d. 19...)
Zhejiang
   May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Yang Shande
Zhili
   May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Cao Kun (s.a.)

Note:
The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital, Nanjing (Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime). On 8 Dec 1949 the capital is moved to Taipei, Taiwan. Coverage of the Republic of China from that point continues under Taiwan

Generalissimo of the Military Government
10 Sep 1917 - 05 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
05 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918  Governing Committee of the Military Government - (s.a.) 
                           - Tang Shaoyi (s.a.)
                           - Wu Tingfang (s.a.)
                           - Cen Chunxuan (b. 1861 - d. 1933)
                           - Lu Rongting (s.a.)
                           - Tang Jiyao (s.a.)
                           - Lin Baoyi (b. 1862 - d. 19...)
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920  Cen Chunxuan (s.a.)
(Chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government)
24 Oct 1920 - 04 May 1921  Governing Committee of the Military Government
                           - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
                           - Tang Shaoyi (s.a.)
                           - Wu Tingfang (s.a.)
                           - Tang Jiyao (s.a.)

Extraordinary President
05 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)

Generalissimos of the National Government
02 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925   Sun Yat-sen   (s.a.)
12 Mar 1925 - 01 Jul 1925  Hu Hanmin (acting) (s.a.)

Chairmen of the National Government
01 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926  Wang Jingwei (b. 1883 - d. 1944)
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927  Tan Yankai (s.a.)

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government
20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927  Wang Jingwei (at Wuhan) (s.a.)
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928  Tan Yankai (s.a.)

Chairmen of the National Government
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931  Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
15 Dec 1931 - 01 Aug 1943  Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932) (b. 1867 - d. 1943)
01 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948  Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.)(acting to 10 Oct 1943)

Presidents
20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949  Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.)
21 Jan 1949 - 01 Mar 1950  Li Zongren (acting¹)(b. 1890 - d. 1969)

Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers)
10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930  Tan Yankai (s.a.)
   Sep 1930 - 04 Dec 1930  Song Ziwen (1st time) (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1971)
04 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931  Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (s.a.)
15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931  Chen Mingshu (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1965)
28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932  Sun Fo (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
28 Jan 1932 - 07 Dec 1935  Wang Jingwei (s.a.)
07 Dec 1935 - 01 Jan 1938  Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.)
01 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939  Kong Xiangxi (b. 1880 - d. 1967)
20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945  Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time) (s.a.)
31 May 1945 - 01 Mar 1947  Song Ziwen (2nd time) (s.a.)
01 Mar 1947 - 18 Apr 1947  Chiang Kai-shek (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948  Zhang Qun (b. 1889 - d. 1990)
24 May 1948 - 26 Nov 1948  Weng Wenhao (b. 1889 - d. 1971)
26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949  Sun Fo (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Mar 1949 - 03 Jun 1949   He Yingqin  (b. 1889 - d. 1987)
03 Jun 1949 - 02 Mar 1950  Yan Xishan (s.a.)

Alternative Governments of the Republic of China

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government
(at Nanjing)
18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927  Chiang Kai-Shek (s.a.)
26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927  Tan Yankai (s.a.)
Chairman of the Committee of the National Government
(at Beiping)
01 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930  Yan Xishan  (s.a.)
Chairman of the National Government 
(at Guangzhou)
01 Jul 1931 - 01 Jan 1932  Wang Jingwei (s.a.)
Chairman of the People's Government 
(at Fuzhou)
21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934  Li Jishen  (b. 1884 - d. 1959)

Under Japanese occupation:

Acting Chairman of the Provisional National Government
(at Beiping)
14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940  Wang Kemin  (b. 1873 - d. 1945)
Acting Chairman of the Reformed National Government
(at Nanjing)
28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940  Liang Hongzhi  (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
Chairmen of the National Government
(at Nanjing)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944  Wang Jingwei(acting to 1940) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1944 -    Aug 1945  Chen Gongbo (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1946)

East Turkestan
12 Dec 1933 - 06 Feb 1934  Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion)
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946  East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion)

Presidents
12 Dec 1933 - 06 Feb 1934  Xoca Niyaz Haci (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946  Alikhan Tore (b. 1885 - d. 1976)

 1 Oct 1949 Proclaimation of The People's Republic of China

Note:
Deng Xiaoping (b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's death (9 Sep 1976) and became more and more frail in the 1990s (he last appeared in public 9 Feb 1994)

Chairmen of the Communist Party of China 
08 Jan 1935 - 09 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
07 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng   (b. 1920?)
29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982    Hu Yaobang  (b. 1915 - d. 1989)
General Secretaries(top party post from 12 Sep 1982)
29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987  Hu Yaobang  (s.a.)
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang  (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919)
24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin    (b. 1926)
15 Nov 2002 -              Hu Jintao (b. 1942)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China
01 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934    Mao Zedong   (s.a.)
Chairman of the People's Government of North China
19 Aug 1948 - 01 Oct 1949  Dong Biwu (b. 1886 - d. 1975)
Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East
27 Aug 1949 - 01 Oct 1949  Gao Gang (b. 1895 - d. 1954)
Chairman of the Central People's Government
01 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954    Mao Zedong   (s.a.)
Chairmen
27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959   Mao Zedong   (s.a.)
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968    Liu Shaoqi   (b. 1898 - d. 1969)
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972  Dong Biwu (s.a.) +  Song Qingling  
 (f) (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975  Dong Biwu (acting) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
17 Jan 1975 - 06 Jul 1976   Zhu De (b. 1886 - d. 1976)
06 Jul 1976 - 05 Mar 1978  vacant
05 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983   Ye Jianying (b. 1897 - d. 1986)
Presidents
18 Jun 1983 - 08 Apr 1988   Li Xiannian (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
08 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993   Yang Shangkun (b. 1907 - d. 1998)
27 Mar 1993 -              Jiang Zemin (s.a.)
Premiers
01 Oct 1949 - 08 Jan 1976   Zhou Enlai  (b. 1898 - d. 1976)
04 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980   Hua Guofeng  (acting to 7 Apr 1976) (s.a.)
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987   Zhao Ziyang   (s.a.)
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng  (acting to 9 Apr 1988) (b. 1928)
17 Mar 1998 -               Zhu Rongji   (b. 1928)

 
09 Mar 1932 Great Manchu State
01 Mar 1934 Great Manchu Empire

Chief Executive 
09 Mar 1932 - 01 Mar 1934 Puyi  (nianhao: Datong) (s.a.)

Emperor
01 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945  Puyi  (nianhao: Kangde) (s.a.)

Premiers
09 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935  Zheng Xiaoxu (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945  Zhang Jinghui (b. 1873 - d. 19...)

Tibet
Note:
Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar,the correspondence 
between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as 
are, consequently, the dates given here.
07 Oct 1950 Occupied by China
23 May 1951 Annexed by China

Secular Rulers
(title Junwang, usually translated as king)
11 Jan 1740 - 12 Mar 1747  Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas 
                           "Mi-dbang Pho-lha" (b. ... - d. 1747)
       1747 - 11 Nov 1750  Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal 
                           "Ta-la'i-ba-dur" (b. ... - d. 1750)

Dalai Lamas
08 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706  Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzins-tshangs-dbyangs-
                           rgya-mtsho (6th Dalai Lama)(b. 1683 - d. 1706)
27 Jun 1706 -        1707  vacant
       1707 -        1717  Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho 
                           (usurping Dalai Lama)
       1717 -        1720  sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung (regent)
16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757  rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskal-bzang-rgya-mtsho 
                           (7th Dalai Lama) (ritually presumed to have 
                           ruled from 1708)(b. 1708 - d.1757)
22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757  Council of Ministers
29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762  De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-bde-legs-
                           rgya-mtsho (regent) (b. ... - d. 1770)
28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804  Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho 
                           (8th Dalai Lama) (b.1758 - d. 1804)
       1804 - 05 Mar 1808  Kun-bde-gling Ta-tshag-rje-drung-sprul-
                           skuYe-shes-blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-mgon-po 
                           (regent)(b. ... - d. 1810)
05 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815  Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho 
                           (9th Dalai Lama) (b. 1806 - d. 1815)
       1815 - 28 Mar 1819  De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-'jigs-
                           med-rgya-mtsho (regent) (b. ... - d. 1819)
30 Mar 1819 - 06 Feb 1822  mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-
                           dpal-tshul-khrims (1st time) 
                           (regent)(b. ... - d. 1844)
06 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837  Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho 
                           (10th Dalai Lama) (b. 1816 - d. 1837)
30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841  mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-
                           dpal-tshul-khrims (2nd time) (regent)(s.a.)
29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856  Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho 
                           (11th Dalai Lama) (b. 1838 - d. 1856)
31 Jan 1856 -        1856  Council of Ministers
       1856 - 26 Feb 1858  Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-tshul-
                           khrims-rgyal-mtshan (regent) (b. ... - d.1888)
26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875  Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las-rgya-mtsho
                           (12th Dalai Lama) (b. 1856 - d. 1875)
25 Apr 1875 -        1875  Council of Ministers
       1875 - 12 Feb 1878  Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag-rje-drung-
                           ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan-chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan 
                           (regent)
02 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933   Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan-rgya-mtsho-
                           'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug-phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal
                           (13th Dalai Lama) (b. 1876 - d. 1933)
(30 Jul 1904 -    Dec 1909 and 25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in exile)
 17 Dec 1933 -    Jan 1934  Council of Ministers
    Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939  Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku hub-bstan-'jam-dpal-ye-
                           shes-rgyal-mtshan (b. 1911 - d. 1947)
                           (regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941])
05 Aug 1939 - rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-
                           'dzin-rgya-mtsho
14th Dalai Lama
(b. 1935)(from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India])

Chairmen of the Cabinet
(in exile)
       19.. -        19..  Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek
       19.. -        19..  Shenkha Gurmey Topgyal
       19.. -        19..  Garang Lobsang Rigzin
       19.. -        19..  Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen
       19.. -        19..  Wangdue Dorji
       19.. -    May 1990  Juchen Thupten Namgyal
   May 1990 -    Aug 1991  Kelsang Yeshi
   Aug 1991 -    Feb 1993  Gyalo Thondup
   Feb 1993 - 04 Jun 1996  Tenzin Namgyal Tethong
04 Jun 1996 - 05 Sep 2001  Sonam Topgyal (b. 1934)
05 Sep 2001 -              Samdhong Rinpoche (b. 1939)

Hong Kong
26 Jan 1841                British occupation of Hong Kong Island
29 Aug 1842                China cedes Hong Kong Island to Britain
26 Jun 1843                British crown colony
       1860                Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island ceded by China
01 Jul 1898                New Territories leased from China for 99 years
25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945  Japanese occupation
01 Jul 1997                Return of the whole colony to China as a special administrative region 

Administrators
26 Jan 1841 - 12 Aug 1841  Charles Elliot (b. 1801 - d. 1875)
22 Jun 1841 - 26 Jun 1843  Alexander Robert Johnston 
                          (acting for Elliot and for Pottinger)(b. 1812 - d. 1888)
12 Aug 1841 - 26 Jun 1843  Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger (b. 1789 - d. 1856)

Governors
26 Jun 1843 - 08 May 1844  Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger (s.a.)
08 May 1844 - 18 Mar 1848  Sir John Francis Davis (b. 1795 - d. 1890)
21 Mar 1848 - 12 Apr 1854  Sir Samuel George Bonham  (b. 1803 - d. 1863)
13 Apr 1854 - 05 May 1859  Sir John Bowring (b. 1792 - d. 1872)
09 Sep 1859 - 15 Mar 1865  Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson(b. 1824 - d. 1897)
15 Mar 1865 - 11 Mar 1866  William T. Mercer (acting)
11 Mar 1866 - 16 Apr 1872  Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell (b. 1814 - d. 1881)
16 Apr 1872 - 01 Mar 1877  Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
22 Apr 1877 - 07 Mar 1882  Sir John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891)
   Mar 1882 - 30 Mar 1883  Sir William Henry Marsh (1st time) (acting)(b. 1827 - d. 1906)
30 Mar 1883 -    Dec 1885  Sir George Ferguson Bowen (b. 1821 - d. 1899)
   Dec 1885 -    May 1887  Sir William Henry Marsh (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
   May 1887 - 06 Oct 1887  William Gordon Cameron (acting) (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
06 Oct 1887 -    May 1891  Sir William Des Voeux (b. 1834 - d. 1909)
   May 1891 - 10 Dec 1891  Digby Barker (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1914)
10 Dec 1891 -    Feb 1898  Sir William Robinson  (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
   Feb 1898 - 25 Nov 1898  Wilsone Black (acting) (b. 1837 - d. 1909)
25 Nov 1898 -    Jul 1903  Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
   Nov 1903 - 29 Jul 1904  Francis Henry May(1st time)(acting)(b. 1860 - d. 1922)
29 Jul 1904 -    Apr 1907  Sir Matthew Nathan (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
29 Jul 1907 -    Mar 1912  Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard  (b. 1858 - d. 1945)
24 Jul 1912 -    Feb 1919  Sir Francis Henry May (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Sep 1919 -    Oct 1925  Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
01 Nov 1925 -    Feb 1930  Sir Cecil Clementi (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
09 May 1930 -    May 1935  Sir William Peel (b. 1875 - d. 1945)
12 Dec 1935 -    Apr 1937  Sir Andrew Caldecott (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
28 Oct 1937 -    May 1940  Sir Geoffry Alexander Stafford Northcote(b. 1881 - d. 1948)
   May 1940 - 10 Sep 1941  Edward Felix Norton (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1954)
10 Sep 1941 -    May 1947  Sir Mark Aitchison Young  (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
25 Dec 1941 -    Feb 1942  Takashi Sakai + Niimi (b. 1887 - d. 1946)
20 Feb 1942 -    Feb 1944  Rensuke Isogai (b. 1883 - d. 1967)
   Feb 1944 -    Aug 1945  Hisaichi Tanaka  (b. ... - d. 1946?)
25 Jul 1947 -    Dec 1957  Sir Alexander William Grantham (b. 1899 - d. 1978)
23 Jan 1958 -    Mar 1964    Robert Brown Black 
(from 1962,                Sir Robert Brown Black) (b. 1906 - d. 1999)
14 Apr 1964 -    Oct 1971  Sir David Trench (b. 1915 - d. 1988)
19 Nov 1971 - 20 May 1982    Sir Murray MacLehose  (b. 1917 - d. 2000)
20 May 1982 - 04 Dec 1986    Sir Edward Youde (b. 1924 - d. 1986)
04 Dec 1986 - 09 Apr 1987  Sir David Akers-Jones (acting) (b. 1927)
09 Apr 1987 - 09 Jul 1992  Sir David Wilson (b. 1935)
09 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun 1997   Chris Patten    (b. 1944)

Chief Executive
01 Jul 1997 -           Tung Chee-Hwa (b. 1937)

Macau
       1553                First Portuguese settlement at Macau
       1851                Portuguese occupy Taipa Island
       1864                Portuguese occupy Coloane Island
       1887                China recognizes Portuguese rule (renounced 1928)
       1951                Status changed from colony to overseas province
20 Dec 1999                Return to China as a special administrative region

Governors
09 Aug 1698 -        1700  Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (1st time)
05 Aug 1700 -        1702  Diogo de Melo Sampaio
22 Jul 1702 -        1703  Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (2nd time)
15 Aug 1703 -        1706  José da Gama Machado
05 Aug 1706 -        1710  Diogo do Pinho Teixeira
28 Jul 1710 -        1711  Francisco de Melo e Castro
11 Jun 1711 -        1714  António de Sequeira de Noronha
18 Jul 1714 -        1718  Francisco de Alarcão de Souto-Maior
30 May 1718 -        1719  António de Albuquerque Coelho
09 Sep 1719 -        1722  António da Silva Telo e Meneses
19 Aug 1722 -        1724  Cristóvão de Severim Manuel
06 Sep 1724 -        1727  António Carneiro de Alcáçova
11 Aug 1727 -        1732  António Moniz Barreto
18 Aug 1732 -        1735  António do Amaral Meneses
15 Jan 1735 -        1735  João do Casal
04 Aug 1735 -        1738  Cosme Damião Pinto Pereira (1st time)
25 Aug 1738 -        1743  Manuel Pereira Coutinho
25 Aug 1743 -        1747  Cosme Damião Pinto Pereira (2nd time)
30 Aug 1747 -        1749  António José Teles de Meneses
02 Aug 1749 -        1752  João Manuel de Melo
29 Jul 1752 -        1755  Rodrigo de Castro (1st time)
14 Jul 1755 -        1758  Francisco António Pereira Coutinho
01 Jul 1758 -        1761  Diogo Pereira
04 Jul 1761 -        1764  António de Mendonça Corte-Real
14 Jul 1764 -        1767  José Plácido de Matos Saraiva
19 Aug 1767 -        1770  Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha (1st time)
29 Jul 1770 -        1771  Rodrigo de Castro (2nd time)
26 Jul 1771 -        1777  Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha (2nd time)
27 Jan 1777 -        1778  Alexandre da Silva Pedrosa Guimarães
01 Aug 1778 -        1780  João Vicente da Silveira e Meneses
05 Jan 1780 -        1781  António José da Costa
28 Aug 1781 -        1783  Francisco de Castro
18 Aug 1783 -        1788  Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (1st time)
21 Jul 1788 -        1789  Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Corte-Real
18 Jul 1789 -        1790  Lázaro da Silva Ferreira
29 Jul 1790 -        1793  Vasco Luís Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
27 Jul 1793 -        1797  José Manuel Pinto (1st time)
08 Aug 1797 -        1800  Cristóvão Pereira de Castro
08 Aug 1800 -        1803  José Manuel Pinto (2nd time)
08 Aug 1803 -        1806  Caetano de Sousa Pereira
08 Aug 1806 -        1808  Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (2nd time)
26 Dec 1808 -        1810  Lucas José de Alvarenga (1st time)
19 Jul 1810 -        1814  Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos Faria (3rd time)
19 Jul 1814 -        1817  Lucas José de Alvarenga (2nd time)
19 Jul 1817 -        1822  José Onório de Castro e Albuquerque
19 Aug 1822 -        1823  Paulino da Silva Barbosa
23 Sep 1823 -        1825  Government Council
28 Jul 1825 -        1827  Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha
15 Nov 1827 -        1830  Government Council
07 Jul 1830 -        1833  João Cabral de Estefique
03 Jul 1833 -        1837  Bernardo José de Sousa Soares de Andrea
22 Feb 1837 -        1843  Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto
03 Oct 1843 -        1846  José Gregório Pegado
21 Apr 1846 - 22 Aug 1849  João Maria Ferreira do Amaral (b. ... - d. 1849)
22 Aug 1849 -        1850  Government Council
30 May 1850 -        1850  Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha
07 Jul 1850 -        1851  Government Council
03 Feb 1851 -        1851  Francisco António Gonçalves Cardoso
19 Nov 1851 -        1863  Isidoro Francisco Guimarães
22 Jun 1863 -        1866  José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral
26 Oct 1866 -        1868  José Maria da Ponte e Horta
03 Aug 1868 -        1872  António Sérgio de Sousa
23 Mar 1872 -        1874  Januário Correia de Almeida,visconde de São Januário(b. 1829 - d. 1901)
07 Dec 1874 -        1876  José Maria Lôbo de Ávila (b. 1817 - d. 1889)
31 Dec 1876 -        1879  Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
28 Nov 1879 -        1883  Joaquim José da Graça
23 Apr 1883 -        1886  Tomás de Sousa Rósa  (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
07 Aug 1886 -        1888  Firmino José da Costa  (b. 1843 - d. 1893)
05 Feb 1889 -        1890  Francisco Teixeira da Silva  (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
16 Oct 1890 -        1894  Custódio Miguel de Borja (b. 1849 - d. 19...)
24 Mar 1894 -        1897  José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa(1st time)(b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 May 1897 -        1900  Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
12 Aug 1900 -        1902  José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1902 - 10 Dec 1903  Arnaldo Novais Guedes Rebelo
05 Apr 1904 -        1907  Martinho Pinto de Quierós Montenegro (b. 1864 - d. 1919)
06 Apr 1907 -        1908  Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho (b. c.1863 - d. 19...)
18 Aug 1908 -        1909  José Augusto Alves Roçadas  (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
22 Sep 1909 -        1910  Eduardo Augusto Marquês (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
17 Dec 1910 -        1912  Álvaro de Melo Machado (b. 1883 - d. 19...)
14 Jul 1912 -        1914  Aníbal Augusto Sanches de Miranda  (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
10 Jun 1914 -        1916  José Carlos da Maia (b. 1878 - d. 1921)
05 Sep 1916 -        1917  Manuel Ferreira da Rocha (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
22 Jun 1917 - 21 Dec 1917  Fernando Augusto Vieira de Matos
12 Oct 1918 -        1919  Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (1st time)(b. 1880 - d. 1940)
23 Aug 1919 -        1922  Henrique Monteiro Correia da Silva (b. 1878 - d. 1935)
       1922 -        1923  Luis António de Magalhães Correia  (b. 1873 - d. 19...)
05 Jan 1923 -        1924  Rodrigo José Rodrigues (b. 1879 - d. 19...)
       1924 -        1925  Joaquim Augusto dos Santos
18 Oct 1925 -        1926  Manuel Firmino de Almeida Maia Magalhães(b. 1881 - d. 1932)
08 Dec 1926 -        1929  Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (2nd time) (s.a.)
       1929 -        1931  João Pereira de Magalhães (1st time)
30 Mar 1931 -        1931  Joaquim Anselmo da Mata e Oliveira (b. 1874 - d. 19...)
       1931 -        1932  João Pereira de Magalhães (2nd time)
21 Jun 1932 -        1935  António José Bernardes de Miranda
       1935 -        1936  João Pereira Barbosa
       1936 -        1937  António Joaquim Ferreira da Silva Júnior
11 Apr 1937 - 10 Jul 1940  Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Jul 1940 -        1940  José Rodrigues Moutinho (acting)
29 Oct 1940 -        1946  Gabriel Maurício Teixeira (b. 1897 - d. 19...)
01 Sep 1947 -        1951  Albano Rodrigues de Oliveira
23 Nov 1951 -        1957  Joaquim Marquês Esparteiro
08 Mar 1957 -        1958  Pedro Correia Barros
       1958 -        1959  Manuel Peixoto Nunes
18 Sep 1959 -        1962  Jaime Silvério Marquês
17 Apr 1962 -        1966  António Adriano Faria Lopes dos Santos (b. 1917?)
25 Nov 1966 -        1974  José Manuel de Sousa e Faria Nobre de Carvalho
19 Nov 1974 - 01 Feb 1979  José Garcia Leandro (b. 1940?)
28 Nov 1979 -        1981  Melo Egídio
16 Jun 1981 -        1986  Vasco Almeida e Costa
15 May 1986 -        1987  Joaquim Pinto Machado
09 Jul 1987 - 28 Sep 1990  Carlos Melancia
28 Sep 1990 - 23 Apr 1991  Francisco Murteira Nabo (interim)
23 Apr 1991 - 19 Dec 1999  Vasco Rocha Vieira (b. 1939)

Chief Executive
20 Dec 1999 -              Edmund Ho (b. 1955)

Kiaochow
14 Nov 1897                German occupation
06 Mar 1898                Leased for 99 years (canceled by China 23 Aug 1914)
07 Nov 1914                Taken by Japan
10 Dec 1922                Returned to China

Governors
07 Mar 1898 - 19 Feb 1899  Kurt Rosendahl
19 Feb 1899 - 27 Jan 1901  Otto Ferdinand Paul Jäschke (b. 1851 - d. 1901)
27 Jan 1901 - 08 Jun 1901  Max Rollmann (acting)
08 Jun 1901 - 19 Aug 1911  Oskar Truppel (b. 1854 - d. 1931)
19 Aug 1911 - 07 Nov 1914  Alfred Meyer-Waldeck (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
07 Nov 1914 -        1919  Mitsuomi Kamio (b. 1856 - d. 1925)
       1919 -        1922  Mitsue Yuhi (b. 1860 - d. 1940)

Kwangchowan
       1898                Leased by France
       1943                Occupied by Japan
   Sep 1945                Returned to China

Administrators
       1898 -        1900  Charles Louis Théobald Courrejolles
       1900 -        1902  Gustave Alby (1st time)
       1902 -        1903  Théophile Henri Bergès
       1903 -        1906  Gustave Alby (2nd time)
       1906 -        1908  Jean Edme Fernand Gautret
       1908 -        1910  Henri Victor Sestier
       1910 -        1911  Paul Edgard Dufrénil
       1911 -        1912  Jean Ernest Moulié
       1912                Pierre Stéphane Salabelle
       1912 -        1915  Henri Jean Auguste Caillard
       1915 -        1919  Marius Albert Garnier
       1919 -        1922  Jean-Félix Krautheimer (1st time)
       1922                Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard de la Brosse(1st time)
       1922 -        1923  Jean-Félix Krautheimer (2nd time)
       1923 -        1925  Paul Michel Achille Quesnel
       1925 -        1927  Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard de la Brosse(2nd time)
       1927 -        1929  Louis-Félix-Marie-Édouard Rivet(b. 1869 - d. 19...)
       1929 -        1932  Achille Silvestre
       1932 -        1933  Pierre Charles Edmond Jabouille
       1933 -        1934  Paul Delamarre
       1934 -        1936  Maurice Émile Henri de Tastes
       1936 -        1937  Camille Fernand Chapoulart
       1937 -        1942  Jacques Henri Paul Le Prevôt
       1942                Louis Frédéric Claire Guillaume Marty
       1942 -        1943  Pierre Marie Jean Domec

Kwantung 
05 Sep 1905                Leased by Japan
   Sep 1945                Returned to China

Governors-General
18 Oct 1905 - 26 Apr 1912  Yoshimasa Oshima  (b. 1850 - d. 1926)
26 Apr 1912 - 15 Sep 1914  Yasumasa Fukushima  (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
15 Sep 1914 - 31 Jul 1917  Satoru Nakamura  (b. 1854 - d. 1925)
31 Jul 1917 - 11 Apr 1919  Yujiro Nakamura  (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
12 Apr 1919 - 24 May 1920  Gonsuke Hayashi  (b. 1860 - d. 1939)
24 May 1920 - 08 Sep 1922  Isaburo Yamagata  (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
08 Sep 1922 - 19 Sep 1923  Hikokichi Ijuin  (b. 1864 - d. 1924)
26 Sep 1923 - 17 Dec 1927  Hideo Kodama  (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
17 Dec 1927 - 07 Aug 1929  Kenjiro Kinoshita  (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
07 Aug 1929 - 16 Jan 1931  Masahiro Ota  (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
16 Jan 1931 - 11 Jan 1932  Seiji Tsukamoto (b. ...  - d. 1945)
11 Jan 1932 - 08 Aug 1932  Mannosuke Yamaoka (b. 1876 - d. 1968)
08 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 1933  Nobuyoshi Muto (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
28 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934  Takashi Hishikari (b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 - 06 Mar 1936  Jiro Minami (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
06 Mar 1936 - 07 Sep 1939  Kenkichi Ueda  (b. 1875 - d. 1982)
07 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1944  Yoshijiro Umezu  (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 -        1945  Otozo Yamada (b. 1881 - d. 1965)

Weihaiwei
       1898                Leased by Britain
01 Oct 1930                Returned to China

Commissioners
10 Aug 1899 - 10 Dec 1901  Arthur Robert Ford Dorward 
(from 1900,                Sir Arthur Robert Ford Dorward) (b. 1848 - d. 1934)
   May 1902 -        1921  James Haldane Stewart Lockhart (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
       1921 -        1923  Arthur Powlett Blunt (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
       1923 -        1927  Walter Russell Brown (b. 1879 - d. 1966)
       1927 - 30 Sep 1930  Reginald Fleming Johnston (b. 1874 - d. 1938)

The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution for Chiang. The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term ( zhuxi )that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.

Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy:
Wu De, 
 Song Qingling  (f) (b. 1893 - d. 1981), 
Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), 
Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), 
Seypidin (b. 1916),  Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), 
Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), 
Li Jingquan, Ulanhu (b. 1904 - d. 1988), 
Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), 
Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), 
Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), 
Zhang Dingcheng, 
Cai Chang (f), 
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910), 
Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), 
Xu Deheng, 
Hu Juewen, 
Li Suwen (f), 
Yao Lianwei, and from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao  (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992).